The F10® Germicidal Treatment Shampoo is designed to combat yeast infections (Malasseziasis) and fungal issues like ringworm. It effectively manages surface-level bacterial infections.

F10® Hand Gel serves as a waterless skin disinfectant. It boasts a quick action time and an effective range similar to F10®SC. Totally safe for use and gentle on the skin.

F10® Hand Scrub is a versatile hygiene soap that offers a wide range of protection against bacteria, viruses, and fungi with fast-acting results. It is gentle on the skin and is enriched with emollients to keep your hands moisturized and prevent dryness.

Dispensing pump accessory designed for the F10 5-liter bottle.

Cleansing and moisturizing shampoos that feature carefully chosen surfactants and Aloe Vera. The Aloe Vera Shampoo delicately cleanses, purifies, and rejuvenates your pet’s coat. Infused with Aloe Vera extract, this shampoo formulation restores and hydrates the skin while making combing effortless. The cleansing agents and botanical extracts nourish the skin, prevent dryness, eliminate unpleasant odors, and leave your furry friend’s coat soft and shiny. It helps reduce the activity of free radicals on the skin, enhancing skin cell health and texture. With a long-lasting floral fragrance, it effectively removes odors and keeps your pet’s coat smelling delightful. Directions for use: Wet your pet’s coat with warm water before applying. Mix a generous amount of shampoo with water in a 1:5 ratio. Gently massage to distribute the lather across your pet’s body. Allow it to sit for 3 - 5 minutes, then rinse thoroughly. Brush the coat and towel dry completely.

An ear cleaning solution uniquely designed for both cats and dogs, it promotes ear health and effectively eliminates various types of dirt and discharge. Assists in clearing away earwax. Helps to prevent unpleasant odors. Maintains dryness in the ear canal.

OptiBiomega Salmon oil is made from 100% pure salmon oil. This oil is rich in Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids. The recognized advantages of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids include: Supports the maintenance of healthy skin and a shiny coat. Helps to alleviate skin dryness and flaking. Promotes softness in the skin. Aids in modulating the skin’s inflammatory responses. Assists in preventing skin allergies. Contributes to the mental development of both fetuses and puppies. Enhances cognitive functions in senior dogs. Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs) play a critical role in managing a variety of issues, including allergies, arthritis, and heart disease, among others. Additionally, they help regulate the immune system, assist with inflammatory bowel disease, lower blood pressure and triglycerides, and support collagen production. Feeding Guide: Administer in accordance with the feeding table. You can mix it with food or give it directly.

The shampoo's nourishing and moisturizing ingredients work together to gently cleanse and purify, promoting a healthier coat. Infused with Tea Tree oil, it effectively reduces excess oil, hydrates dry and itchy skin, and adds strength and shine to the coat. This formula eliminates dirt and oil residues, helping to maintain the skin's natural oil balance. With its delightful fragrance, it refreshes and relaxes while eliminating odors, leaving your dog's coat smelling wonderful. Directions for use: Begin by wetting your dog's coat with warm water. Mix a generous amount of shampoo in a 1:5 ratio with water. Gently massage it into their body to create a rich lather. Allow it to sit for 3 to 5 minutes, then rinse thoroughly. Finish by brushing their coat and drying them off with a towel.

Animal-derived proteins constitute 80% of the total protein content. The inclusion of prebiotics and probiotics promotes superior digestion while Yucca schidigera extract aids in boosting and fortifying your dog’s immune system, which is vital for maintaining an active lifestyle. The advantages of this recipe are further amplified by a well-balanced blend of vitamins and minerals. Vitamins & Chelated minerals (bioavailable organic forms of minerals) support the body’s proper functioning, help prevent illnesses, and enhance immune strength. Fructo-oligosaccharides and mannan-oligosaccharides (FOS, MOS) act as prebiotics that nurture the intestinal flora and facilitate the digestive system's efficiency while bolstering the immune response. Mojave yucca is rich in chlorophyll, trace elements, vitamins, saponins, and polyphenols. It offers detoxifying properties, positively impacts the gastrointestinal tract, and helps reduce flatulence and the odor of feces. β-glucans stimulate and reinforce the immune system. Lactobacillus acidophilus (inactivated) serves a paraprobiotic role, contributing positively to immune health. Composition: Lamb protein (38%), rice (32%), poultry fat (10%, preserved with tocopherols), brewer's rice (8%), dried apple pulp (4%), yeasts, hydrolyzed chicken liver (2%), salmon oil (2%), prebiotics (mannan-oligosaccharides 120 mg/kg, β-glucans 100 mg/kg, fructo-oligosaccharides 70 mg/kg), dried rosemary & thyme (200 mg/kg), Mojave yucca (80 mg/kg), Lactobacillus acidophilus HA – 122 inactivated (15 × 10^9 cells/kg). Analytical constituents: Crude protein 27%, crude fat 16%, crude fibers 3%, crude ash 7%, moisture 9%, calcium 1.7%, phosphorus 1.2%, sodium 0.4%, magnesium 0.09%, omega-3 fatty acids 0.4%, omega-6 fatty acids 1.9%. Animal protein makes up 80% of the total protein content. Metabolizable Energy value 3,820 kcal/kg. Nutritional additives per 1 kg: vitamin A (3a672a) 16,500 I.U., vitamin D3 (E671) 1,650 I.U., vitamin E (3a700) 300 mg, vitamin C (3a312) 250 mg, vitamin B1 (3a820) 4.8 mg, vitamin B2 6 mg, niacinamide (3a315) 23 mg, calcium pantothenate (3a841) 12 mg, vitamin B6 (3a831) 4.8 mg, folic acid (3a316) 0.6 mg, vitamin B12 0.05 mg, biotin (3a880) 0.65 mg, choline chloride (3a890) 1,800 mg, organic zinc (3b606) 90 mg, organic iron (3b106) 75 mg, organic manganese (3b504) 30 mg, organic copper (3b406) 14 mg, iodine (3b201) 0.7 mg, organic selenium (3b810) 0.2 mg. Contains EU-approved natural antioxidants: tocopherol extracts from vegetable oil (1b306), ascorbyl palmitate (1b304) & rosemary extract. Daily dose: Adult dog weight (kg) 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 Daily consumption (g/day) 290 330 360 400 430 490 550 610 660 Feeding instructions: Feed according to the recommended daily amount. Adjust the serving size based on your dog's age, activity level, and environment. Monitor your dog's physical condition to prevent overfeeding. It is advisable to serve the food dry or moistened with water or broth. Always provide fresh water for drinking alongside the food.

The formula features premium chicken and is composed of 85% protein derived from animal sources. This food is enhanced with salmon oil, promoting healthy skin and a shiny coat. Prebiotics are included to aid digestion, while essential vitamins and minerals contribute to the overall health and vitality of your dog. Salmon oil is rich in unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA), which are vital for maintaining the physiological functions of the skin and coat while enhancing their quality. It also offers anti-inflammatory benefits. Vitamins & Chelated minerals (highly absorbable organic forms of minerals) play a crucial role in ensuring the body's proper function, preventing diseases, and bolstering the immune system. Fructo-oligosaccharides and mannan-oligosaccharides (FOS, MOS) serve as prebiotics that support intestinal microflora and promote digestive health, while also enhancing the immune system. Additionally, β-glucans stimulate and strengthen immune responses. Inactivated Lactobacillus acidophilus provides a paraprobiotic effect and positively influences the immune system. Composition: Chicken protein (42%), rice (24%), poultry fat (11%, preserved with tocopherols), brewer's rice (8%), hydrolyzed poultry protein (5%), dried apple pulp (3%), yeasts, hydrolyzed chicken liver (2%), salmon oil (2%), prebiotics (mannan-oligosaccharides 120 mg/kg, β-glucans 100 mg/kg, fructo-oligosaccharides 70 mg/kg), dried rosemary & thyme (200 mg/kg), Mojave yucca (80 mg/kg), inactivated Lactobacillus acidophilus HA – 122 (15 × 10¹ cells/kg). Analytical constituents: Crude protein 29%, crude fat 17%, crude fibers 2.5%, crude ash 7%, moisture 9%, calcium 1.6%, phosphorus 1.2%, sodium 0.4%, magnesium 0.1%, omega-3 fatty acid 0.3%, omega-6 fatty acids 2.3%. Animal protein makes up 85% of the total protein content. Metabolizable energy value: 3,910 kcal/kg. Nutritional additives per 1 kg: Vitamin A (3a672a) 16,500 I.U., vitamin D3 (E671) 1,650 I.U., vitamin E (3a700) 300 mg, vitamin C (3a312) 250 mg, vitamin B1 (3a820) 4.8 mg, vitamin B2 6 mg, niacinamide (3a315) 23 mg, calcium pantothenate (3a841) 12 mg, vitamin B6 (3a831) 4.8 mg, folic acid (3a316) 0.6 mg, vitamin B12 0.05 mg, biotin (3a880) 0.65 mg, choline chloride (3a890) 1,800 mg, organic zinc (3b606) 90 mg, organic iron (3b106) 75 mg, organic manganese (3b504) 30 mg, organic copper (3b406) 14 mg, iodine (3b201) 0.7 mg, organic selenium (3b810) 0.2 mg. Contains EU-approved natural antioxidants: tocopherol extracts from vegetable oil (1b306), ascorbyl palmitate (1b304) & rosemary extract. Daily Dose Adult dog weight (kg) 1 2 4 5 6 8 10 Daily consumption (g/day) 30 40 65 70 80 110 120 Feeding instructions: Feed according to the recommended daily dosage. You can adjust the serving based on your dog's age, activity level, and environment. Monitor your dog's physical condition closely to prevent overfeeding. It's advisable to serve the food dry or moistened with water or broth. Always ensure fresh drinking water is available alongside the feed.

Calibra Dog Expert Nutrition Mobility is a premium dry dog food formulated with enhanced chondroprotectives and anti-inflammatory ingredients. This blend is specifically designed for adult and adolescent large breed dogs that are prone to musculoskeletal issues such as joint, tendon, and ligament problems. The chondroprotectives in the recipe work to nourish joint cartilage, while the anti-inflammatory properties of Boswellia serrata aid in recovery from injuries and support dogs during vigorous physical activities. Additionally, this unique recipe is enriched with a carefully selected array of vitamins and minerals. The inclusion of fulvic acid contributes positively to your dog's overall health and immune function. With 90% of its protein sourced from animal origins, this food is also hypoallergenic. Key Ingredients: - Chondroprotectives (chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine) that nourish cartilage and help slow its degeneration. - Boswellia serrata with its Boswell acids that provide anti-inflammatory benefits, alleviating symptoms of degenerative joint disease and cartilage loss (osteoarthritis). - MSM (methylsulfonylmethane) which offers anti-inflammatory properties and supports joint cartilage metabolism and function. Composition: Chicken protein (45%), rice (20%), brewer’s rice (10%), poultry fat (8%, preserved with tocopherols), dried apple pulp (5%), hydrolyzed poultry protein (4%), yeasts, hydrolyzed chicken liver (2%), salmon oil (2%), fulvic acid (0.2%), glucosamine (1,000 mg/kg), chondroitin sulfate (650 mg/kg), prebiotics (mannan-oligosaccharides 120 mg/kg, β-glucans 100 mg/kg, fructo-oligosaccharides 70 mg/kg), dried rosemary & thyme (200 mg/kg), methylsulfonylmethane (150 mg/kg), Boswellia serrata (90 mg/kg), Mojave yucca (80 mg/kg), Lactobacillus acidophilus HA – 122 inactivated (15 × 10^9 cells/kg). Analytical Constituents: - Crude protein: 28% - Crude fat: 15% - Crude fibers: 5.8% - Crude ash: 5.8% - Moisture: 9% - Calcium: 1.4% - Phosphorus: 1.1% - Sodium: 0.3% - Magnesium: 0.09% - Omega-3 fatty acids: 0.5% - Omega-6 fatty acids: 2.2% - Animal protein percentage of total protein: 90% - Metabolizable energy value: 3,830 kcal/kg Nutritional Additives per 1 kg: Vitamin A (3a672a) 16,500 I.U., Vitamin D3 (E671) 1,650 I.U., Vitamin E (3a700) 300 mg, Vitamin C (3a312) 250 mg, Vitamin B1 (3a820) 4.8 mg, Vitamin B2 6 mg, Niacinamide (3a315) 23 mg, Calcium Pantothenate (3a841) 12 mg, Vitamin B6 (3a831) 4.8 mg, Folic Acid (3a316) 0.6 mg, Vitamin B12 0.05 mg, Biotin (3a880) 0.65 mg, Choline Chloride (3a890) 1,800 mg, Organic Zinc (3b606) 90 mg, Organic Iron (3b106) 75 mg, Organic Manganese (3b504) 30 mg, Organic Copper (3b406) 14 mg, Iodine (3b201) 0.7 mg, Organic Selenium (3b810) 0.2 mg. Daily Feeding Guidelines: - Adult dog weight (kg): 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 - Daily consumption (g/day): 75 130 170 210 250 280 320 350 400 410 470 530 590 640 Feeding Instructions: Serve the food according to the recommended daily intake. Adjust the portion based on your dog’s age, activity level, and environment. Monitor your dog's physical condition to prevent overfeeding. It is advisable to serve the food dry or moistened with water or broth. Always provide fresh drinking water alongside the meal.

Bio PetActive Black Pearl Shampoo is expertly crafted for dogs boasting black and dark fur. With the added benefit of a UV filter, it shields their coat from harmful sun rays. Assists in removing red undertones, brassiness, and color loss caused by sun exposure. Helps maintain the richness, silkiness, and shine of dark and black coats. Imparts a delightful fragrance. This shampoo gently yet effectively cleans both the coat and skin, rejuvenating the coat's appearance while enhancing shine and luster.

Is your cat struggling with digestion or having difficulty getting rid of hairballs? Cats are known for their grooming habits, using their tongues to keep clean. However, sometimes they can experience a build-up of fur in their digestive system, leading to discomfort and distress. When this happens, they may become subdued and less active. This can also impact their ability to eliminate waste effectively, potentially resulting in constipation. At Bio PetActive, we collaborated with veterinarians and nutrition experts to create a petroleum-free formula tailored for even the pickiest cats. Our blend of all-natural ingredients, including Pumpkin, Marshmallow Root, Slippery Elm Bark, and Psyllium seed, is designed to provide extra fiber that supports a healthy digestive system and assists in the elimination and prevention of hairballs in our feline companions. We’ve chosen ingredients that promote a natural laxative effect, helping to ease the discomfort associated with hairball blockages while supporting the digestive tract. Catimalt Plus is simple to give, as it tastes just like a treat, ensuring that cats will eagerly consume it every day. Pumpkin helps to prevent painful anal sac issues and minimizes hairball formation. Slippery Elm Bark aids in maintaining a healthy digestive tract and proper bowel function. Additionally, it offers antioxidants that promote normal circulatory function and vascular health while protecting against free radical damage. Psyllium seed supports healthy colon function and sustains proper digestion. Marshmallow Root contributes to both digestive and urinary tract health. Feeding Guide: Apply 2 cm of gel daily to their food, or it can be given directly from the tube.

Bio PetActive Easy Grooming Shampoo offers a hassle-free grooming experience for long-haired dogs by softening their fur. It aids in moisturizing the skin while thoroughly cleansing the coat. The D-Panthenol included in its formula works to fortify the hair and enhance its resilience, safeguarding the coat from potential damage, resulting in a soft and shiny finish. This shampoo promotes the development of luxurious coats, adding shine and highlights.

Synbioflora is a dietary supplement designed to provide a blend of prebiotics and probiotic bacteria specifically formulated for cats and dogs, aimed at promoting a healthy digestive system. It contains live (viable) naturally occurring microorganisms that are essential for supporting optimal digestive and bowel health, alongside additional prebiotics to foster the growth of beneficial bacteria. Probiotics are advantageous microorganisms that help maintain the equilibrium of microflora in the gut, which is crucial for enhancing digestion and overall well-being. The primary component of Synbioflora is a probiotic substance known as Enterococcus. Enterococcus faecium is a vital natural ingredient for both dogs and cats, supporting healthy digestion and boosting the population of good bacteria. Prebiotics are indigestible fibers that serve as a source of energy for the colonies of beneficial bacteria residing in the large intestines. Two significant categories of prebiotics have been identified to support pet intestinal health: Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS). FOS encourages the multiplication of beneficial bacteria while inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria. MOS fiber contains the sugar mannose and helps prevent harmful bacteria from adhering to the colon wall, allowing them to be eliminated in the feces without causing illness. Both types of prebiotics have been shown to assist in treating various diarrhea-causing conditions in cats and dogs, whether infectious or non-infectious. The synergistic action of probiotics and prebiotics in a shared environment enhances their effectiveness by fostering a symbiotic relationship. Supplementing with FOS, MOS, and Inulin is also crucial for reducing flatulence in pets. Synbioflora Tabs (for medium and large breed dogs) Feeding Directions: To help maintain and balance gut flora, administer 1 tablet daily for dogs weighing between 10 kg and 25 kg. For dogs exceeding 25 kg, provide 2 tablets daily.

Veterinary treats designed to support: joint health – addressing degenerative joint disease, as well as pre- and post-surgery recovery, and weight management related to mobility challenges. The compatibility of Calibra VD Snacks with veterinary diet products offers a superb way to combine a specialized diet with a rewarding treat for your dog. The exclusive formulation and specifications of these snacks fulfill the nutritional needs associated with these veterinary diet requirements. These treats feature fresh meat for excellent taste. The Mobility Support Semi-moist Snack recipe aligns with the veterinary diet VD Dog Joint & Mobility and Calibra VD Dog Joint & Mobility Low Calorie. Advantages of the Mobility Support Semi-moist Snack formula include: Incorporated MSM and Boswellia serrata Source of Omega 3 (herring, krill protein, and Schizochytrium limacinum) Joint protection (glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate) Composition: herring protein (26 %), peas, vegetable glycerol, fresh herring (14 %), hydrolyzed chicken protein (4 %), collagen (4 %), krill protein (4 %), molasses, lignocellulose, dried algae (2 %, Schizochytrium limacinum), dried rosemary (1 %), pea flour, glucosamine (3,000 mg/kg), chondroitin sulfate (2,500 mg/kg), methylsulfonylmethane (200 mg/kg), dried Boswellia serrata (200 mg/kg). Analytical constituents: crude protein 26 %, crude fat 6 %, moisture 17 %, crude ash 6 %, crude fiber 2 %, calcium 1 %, phosphorus 0.8 %, sodium 0.6 %, omega-3 fatty acids 1.4 %, omega-6 fatty acids 0.5 %, DHA (22:6 n-3) 0.25 %, EPA (20:5 n-3) 0.1 % Nutritional additives per kg: vitamin C (3a312) 35 mg, vitamin E (3a700) 20 mg With EU approved preservatives: citric acid (1a330), DL-malic acid (1a296) Metabolizable energy: 3,144 kcal/kg Recommended dog weight (kg) and maximum daily amount (pcs): 5 kg: 3 pcs 10 kg: 6 pcs 15 kg: 9 pcs 20 kg: 12 pcs 25 kg: 15 pcs 30 kg: 18 pcs 40 kg: 22 pcs 50 kg: 26 pcs 60 kg: 30 pcs 70 kg: 34 pcs 80 kg: 38 pcs 90 kg: 42 pcs Feeding guidelines: This semi-moist functional snack should be given as a treat. It’s advisable to consult your veterinarian prior to use. For suggested daily amounts, please refer to the feeding table. The total daily intake of snacks should not surpass 10 % of the complete recommended caloric intake. Always ensure fresh drinking water is available. This product is not a substitute for complete feed.

A convenient oral paste designed to help manage both acute and chronic diarrhea in dogs and cats. Key Ingredients: Diosmectite 400mg/ml, Mannan Oligosaccharides (MOS) 200mg/ml, Dextrose 250mg/ml, along with essential Electrolytes K, Na, Cl, and Glutamine.

Purpose: To support joint metabolism in cases of osteoarthritis. Ingredients: chicken protein (20 %), rice, oats, turkey protein (15 %), chicken fat (6 %, preserved with tocopherols), linseed, dried apples, krill (2 %), salmon oil (2 %), eggs (2 %), brewer's yeast, hydrolyzed chicken liver, collagen (hydrolyzed, type I.), algae (1 %, Schizochytrium limacinum), glucosamine (1,400 mg/kg), chondroitin sulfate (1,200 mg/kg), fructo-oligosaccharides (220 mg/kg), β-glucans (200 mg/kg), mannan-oligosaccharides (180 mg/kg), Mojave yucca (150 mg/kg), turmeric & green tea decaffeinated extract (source of flavonoids 160 mg/kg & polyphenols 80 mg/kg), methyl sulfonyl methane (100 mg/kg), Boswellia serrata (100 mg/kg), Lactobacillus acidophilus HA – 122 inactivated (15 x 109 cells/kg) Analytical constituents: crude protein 27 %, crude fat 15 %, crude fibers 3 %, crude ash 5 %, moisture 10 %, omega-3 fatty acids 3.3 %, omega-6 fatty acids 2 %, calcium 1.2 %, phosphorus 0.9 %, sodium 0.3 %, magnesium 0.1 %, EPA (20:5 n-3) 0.35 %, DHA (22:6 n-3) 0.55 %, total vitamin E 800 mg/kg Metabolizable energy value: 3,810 kcal/kg – 15.95 MJ/kg Nutritional additives per 1 kg: vitamin A (3a672a) 20,000 I.U., vitamin D3 (3a671) 1,000 I.U., vitamin E (3a700) 800 mg, choline chloride (3a890) 1,200 mg, biotin (3a880) 0.8 mg, calcium-D-panthothenate (3a841) 20 mg, niacinamide (3a315) 40 mg, organic zinc (3b606) 200 mg, organic iron (3b106) 80 mg, organic manganese (3b504) 42 mg, organic copper (3b406) 17.5 mg, potassium iodide (3b201) 0.7 mg, organic selenium (3b810) 0.2 mg, L-carnitine (3a910) 500 mg Contains EU approved natural antioxidants: tocopherol extracts from vegetable oil (1b306(i)), ascorbyl palmitate (1b304) & rosemary extract. Feeding guidelines for adult dogs: 5 kg: 75 g/day 10 kg: 120 g/day 15 kg: 170 g/day 20 kg: 210 g/day 25 kg: 250 g/day 30 kg: 280 g/day 40 kg: 350 g/day 50 kg: 410 g/day 60 kg: 480 g/day 70 kg: 540 g/day 80 kg: 650 g/day It is advisable to consult a veterinarian before starting or extending the usage period. Usage period: initially up to 3 months. Serve the food dry or slightly moistened. Always ensure that your dog has access to fresh water. The recommended daily amounts can be found in the feeding chart and should be adjusted based on your dog's condition and activity level.

A dietary supplement crafted for your puppy, formulated from natural breast milk to create a well-balanced blend of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and oils. It meets all nutritional requirements for puppies that have been separated from their mothers early. Bio Puppy – Puppy Milk Replacer is enriched with essential vitamins and minerals, promoting healthy muscle and bone development. Additionally, it can serve as a nutritional boost for pregnant, nursing, elderly, and weak adult dogs. The lactose levels are minimized to help prevent any digestive issues. Bio PetActive Bio Puppy – Puppy Milk Replacer offers a nutritious and easily digestible option for your dog. L-Carnitine: This component aids in the metabolism of fatty acids within the body and the conversion of energy at the cellular level. It assists in reducing body fat, aiding weight loss, and transforming excess fat into energy for effective muscle use.

Support for Healthy Skin and Coat with Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids for Cats and Dogs Enriched with fish oil, our Omega-3 and Omega-6 essential fatty acids, along with vitamins and zinc, help promote a vibrant skin and a glossy coat in both cats and dogs. OptiBiomega is particularly beneficial for older pets and those recovering from health issues. It aids in the treatment and prevention of various skin and fur conditions that may arise from deficiencies in vitamins or fatty acids. Omega-3 enhances brain oxygenation (especially beneficial for aging pets) and boosts the performance of active dogs. It also supports cognitive development in puppies. Omega-6 is crucial; a deficiency can result in a dry, fragile, and thin coat. It also compromises skin integrity, making it more susceptible to dehydration and infections. Zinc plays a pivotal role in the synthesis of collagen and keratin. It possesses healing properties and contributes to a beautiful coat for your pet. Feeding Instructions: For every 1 kg (2.2 lbs) of body weight in cats and dogs, add 0.5 ml/day to their food or administer it directly.